Multibiomass and Natural Marine Waste Catalyst Copyrolysis: Exploring Synergy, Isoconversional Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Mechanism

This study presents the copyrolysis of three biomasses (date pits, cow manure, and coffee waste) explores potential utilizing natural waste catalysts—seashell (SS) cuttlebone (CB)—to improve kinetics thermodynamics process. Mixing feeds led to positive synergistic effects, particularly at a heating rate 10 K/min or higher. By employing model-free kinetic methods, estimated activation energy (Ea) was lower for ternary feed than single feeds, 20 wt.% with SS CB catalysts added. The Ea reduced from 162 kJ/mol by 25.6% (~121 kJ/mol) 21.6% (154 in presence CB, respectively. thermodynamic parameters were all noncatalytic resulting endothermic, nonspontaneous reactions increased disorder randomness. Catalysts influenced parameters, making process more efficient. results are utilization cheap, eco-friendly sustainable production using copyrolysis.